Map of south central Asia from the Ruscelli edition of Ptolemy’s Geographia. Ruscelli, a physician, alchemist and cartographer, published an Italian translation of Ptolemy with maps largely based on Gastaldi's edition of 1548. This map shows a basic knowledge of the area of the southern routes of the centuries old Silk Road (modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan, Eastern Iran). It exhibit the fine engraving style typical of Italian copperplate maps of this period.